饒毅：做和平發(fā)展的使者
清明假期前夕，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普簽署行政令執(zhí)行全面的“對(duì)等關(guān)稅政策”，這項(xiàng)新政被視為是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來(lái)國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序最大的變動(dòng)。從關(guān)稅戰(zhàn)、貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)到“中國(guó)行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”，近年來(lái)，曾被崇信的全球化在民粹主義的浪潮中變得風(fēng)雨飄搖，世界正在變得四分五裂。在這樣的背景下，重溫2008年北京大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮上饒毅教授的致辭，更顯其前瞻性和時(shí)代價(jià)值。 2008年，全球經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)；2008年8月8日，中國(guó)第一次舉辦奧運(yùn)會(huì)，全球矚目。此前一個(gè)月余五天的7月3日，饒毅教授作為教師代表給北京大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)典禮致辭“做和平的使者”。 近年來(lái)，國(guó)際局勢(shì)風(fēng)云變幻，各種針對(duì)性的遏制，“脫鉤斷鏈”頻出，地緣政治愈加緊張，種種舉措與和平發(fā)展的理念背道而馳。此時(shí)此刻，《知識(shí)分子》特刊登17年前那篇致辭的中英文版見(jiàn)下，因?yàn)槲覀儓?jiān)信：只有堅(jiān)持和平的理念，以開(kāi)放包容的姿態(tài)，與世界各國(guó)攜手前行，才能共同開(kāi)創(chuàng)人類更加美好的未來(lái)。
撰文 ｜ 饒毅
責(zé)編 ｜ 李珊珊
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饒毅
北京大學(xué)2008屆畢業(yè)生們，你們真幸運(yùn)！
與全中國(guó)今年的畢業(yè)生們一樣，你們的畢業(yè)典禮，是母校開(kāi)創(chuàng)的我國(guó)近代高等教育110年來(lái)，迄今最有象征意義的畢業(yè)典禮。你們的成長(zhǎng)同步于中國(guó)邁向世界強(qiáng)國(guó)的步伐。你們的畢業(yè)典禮，交融于2008年奧運(yùn)帶來(lái)的中國(guó)之盛典，世紀(jì)之盛典。
2008年，是中國(guó)和平崛起的標(biāo)志之年，全世界聚焦中國(guó)。也許最值得世界注意的，不是中國(guó)目前發(fā)展態(tài)勢(shì)、也不是中國(guó)的風(fēng)土人情，而是中國(guó)制造，是我們最可以自豪的、而外界注意不夠的制造：這就是我們堅(jiān)定信仰的和平發(fā)展之路，是在這條道路上探索、奮斗、前進(jìn)的人民。
世界應(yīng)該向中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。中國(guó)為世界提供了一條與西方擴(kuò)張性發(fā)展完全不同的新道路，這是中國(guó)對(duì)世界的非凡貢獻(xiàn)：文明沖突不是必然，大國(guó)發(fā)展可以走和平之路。這個(gè)信仰，是中國(guó)以幾千年的文化傳統(tǒng)，以近代的和平崛起的成功實(shí)踐，以人民用血汗換來(lái)的。世界需要懂中國(guó)為什么堅(jiān)信和平發(fā)展，才能理解中國(guó)、正確處理和中國(guó)的關(guān)系、參考中國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
2008年，中國(guó)完成了一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變：從一個(gè)曾經(jīng)受了百年屈辱之國(guó)，成為擁有舉世尊重的實(shí)力之國(guó)。160年前，英國(guó)以武力強(qiáng)迫我們接受鴉片進(jìn)口，維多利亞女王不理睬林則徐通情達(dá)理呼喚良知和道義的信件，英國(guó)占據(jù)香港一百多年。1900年八國(guó)聯(lián)軍攻北京時(shí)，德國(guó)皇帝威廉二世命令他的士兵，用武器讓支那人一千年不敢看德國(guó)人。在外敵入侵背景下，中國(guó)人民一面自衛(wèi)、一面努力尋找自救的道路，承認(rèn)自己的不足，吸收和學(xué)習(xí)外國(guó)經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)建設(shè)中國(guó)，經(jīng)過(guò)了許多曲折和困苦，犯了錯(cuò)誤也取得教訓(xùn)，終于走上了穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的道路。
2008年，中國(guó)人民不僅如母校著名圖書管理員所說(shuō)的“站立起來(lái)了”，而且以自己的經(jīng)歷強(qiáng)有力地證明，資源不豐富、人口眾多的國(guó)家，通過(guò)自己的奮斗，不以損害其他國(guó)家人民利益為代價(jià)、無(wú)需效法美國(guó)白人掠奪原住民資源的途徑，就能發(fā)展，就能屹立在世界強(qiáng)國(guó)之林。中國(guó)還在這個(gè)過(guò)程中造福了其他國(guó)家的人民。
中國(guó)，為世界樹(shù)立了和平發(fā)展的典范。
我們這個(gè)文明古國(guó)，在發(fā)現(xiàn)自己落后時(shí)，曾一度喪失辨別自己歷史文化優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的能力，從老校長(zhǎng)胡適提倡過(guò)的“全盤西化”、到文革的種種倒行逆施，放棄、破壞了優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)。今天，我們應(yīng)該有充分的信心、能力和時(shí)間，鑒別、發(fā)掘、倡導(dǎo)和力行我們傳統(tǒng)文化中優(yōu)秀的部分，為世界各國(guó)的參照。我國(guó)兩千多年前諸子百家形成了探討人生模式以理性、民主、包容為根本基礎(chǔ)，與西方理性主義相通，而優(yōu)于宗教規(guī)范人生模式所含的迷信、權(quán)威、排他；中華民族不僅不頌揚(yáng)武力征服天下的秦始皇，而且將他定格為虐待人民的暴君，而西方主流思想?yún)s長(zhǎng)期以亞力山大大帝武力侵略多國(guó)為自豪；中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)很難找到對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和屠殺場(chǎng)面的描繪，而盧浮宮舉目可見(jiàn)法國(guó)藝術(shù)家畫的拿破侖出征及血腥場(chǎng)面。這些現(xiàn)象反映了根本不同的思維：是崇拜武力，還是信仰和平?
中國(guó)，為世界證明了和平發(fā)展的理念。
美國(guó)作為西方世界當(dāng)今最強(qiáng)國(guó)，并沒(méi)有放棄對(duì)武力的崇拜，它經(jīng)常在國(guó)際事務(wù)中訴諸武力，最終不僅沒(méi)有解決問(wèn)題而且傷害美國(guó)自己的利益。當(dāng)世界矚目中國(guó)時(shí)，需要看到中國(guó)如何從內(nèi)憂外患中通過(guò)和平途徑，創(chuàng)造歷史奇跡。中國(guó)在和世界密切往來(lái)的一個(gè)半世紀(jì)歷史中，每次只要爭(zhēng)取到了和平，就能取得發(fā)展。中國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)值得其他國(guó)家借鑒：強(qiáng)國(guó)，無(wú)需迷信武力控制他國(guó)，而可以和各國(guó)攜手發(fā)展；弱國(guó)，不用過(guò)分恐懼現(xiàn)代化或者其他國(guó)家，而首先要解決自身的問(wèn)題；所有國(guó)家、人民，不用訴諸暴力解決爭(zhēng)端，而可以在天下大同的理念下，共同發(fā)展。
中國(guó)，為世界指出和平是發(fā)展的道路。
同學(xué)們，你們將是中國(guó)的使者，展示中國(guó)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)。就像你們?cè)诮窈蟮娜松幸粩鄬W(xué)習(xí)、不斷自身完善一樣，中國(guó)也需要繼續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)世界各國(guó)人民的長(zhǎng)處。中國(guó)還有許多方面沒(méi)有得到世界的尊重，還有很多不足之處，中國(guó)還有危機(jī)要處理。北大同學(xué)不要辜負(fù)老校長(zhǎng)馬寅初樹(shù)立榜樣，做有脊梁的中國(guó)智識(shí)分子，為良知而奮斗，為改進(jìn)我國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、科學(xué)、文化而努力，為我國(guó)全面復(fù)興而工作，為中國(guó)和世界的問(wèn)題找到建設(shè)性的解決方案。
同學(xué)們，請(qǐng)你們將中國(guó)人民的信息帶到世界各地：我們是和平發(fā)展的信仰者。
希望你們和新時(shí)代的中國(guó)青年，能珍惜中國(guó)人民對(duì)和平發(fā)展之信念，在中國(guó)和世界和平發(fā)展的過(guò)程中，找到你們的人生價(jià)值，履行你們的歷史使命：繼續(xù)為中國(guó)探索和推進(jìn)適合自己的和平發(fā)展道路；不僅永不稱霸世界，而且要和其他國(guó)家的人民探索共同前進(jìn)之策，與全世界人民一道走在和平發(fā)展的美麗道路上。
在這條道路上，擁抱世界、堅(jiān)持原則、熱愛(ài)生活，你們獲得幸福就是母校的驕傲。
Yi Rao
Dear Class of 2008 Peking University graduates, you are very fortunate！
Like other graduates of China this year, your commencement ceremony, is the most symbolic in the history of Chinese modern higher education that began 110 years ago here at Peking University. Your graduation ceremony, in synchrony with the ceremony of China, is the ceremony of the century.
2008 is a milestone in the peaceful rise of China, with the entire world focusing on China. What is most valuable for the world to pay attention to? It is not current development of, or the sceneries and colorful people in, China. One product“Made in China” deserves close examination: this is the firm belief of the Chinese in peaceful development.
China has explored, struggled, and found an approach alternative to the expansionist development exemplified by the West. It is an extraordinary contribution of China: that cultural conflicts are not inevitable, development of big countries can be peaceful. This belief results from Chinese traditions of a few thousand years, from the successful peaceful rise over the last century and half, from the blood and sweat of the Chinese people. The rest of the world need to know why China firmly believes in peaceful development, before understanding modern China, dealing with China, and learning from China.
By 2008, China has completed a transition from a nation humiliated for a hundred years to a nation with power respected by the world. 160 years ago, the British used force to make us accept Opium import from their merchants, with Queen Victoria ignoring an articulate and touching letter from Lin Zhexu that appealed to her conscience, and eventually occupying Hong Kong for more than 100 years. With the remnant of the Imperial Gardens (Yuan Ming Yuan) close to our campus, we are constantly reminded of our sad history of being beaten. In 1900 when the eight nation alliance invaded Beijing, the German Kaiser Wilhelm II ordered his army: “Pardon will not be given. Prisoners will not be taken. Bear your arms so that for a thousand years no Chinaman will dare even to squint at a German”. Under such circumstances, the Chinese people took up self-defense on the one hand, and actively tried to find a road of self salvation on the other hand, admitting our shortcomings, absorbing foreign knowledge, exploring different approaches, going back and forth, making many mistakes, finally moving on a road of stable development.
By 2008, the Chinese people have not only stood up, as the most famous librarian of Peking University Mao Zedong pronounced 60 years ago, but we have also proven that a resource poor nation with a large population, could develop as a major player in the world without sacrificing the interests of people in other countries, without copying the approach of the US Caucasians who overrun the indigenous American people. In the process of development, China has benefited people in other countries.
China has thus established an example of peaceful development.
Upon finding the bitter reality of backwardness, we, with the longest continuous civilization, momentarily lost the ability to distinguish the pros from the cons in our own history and culture. From the idea of whole sale Westernization advocated by Hu Shih, one of the Peking University presidents, to the various words and deeds in the Cultural Revolution, excellent traditions were neglected, given upor destroyed. Today, in 2008, we should be fully confident that we have the ability and time to find and advocate the good parts of our long tradition, providing an alternative option to the world. The scholars and the hundreds of schools led by them more than 2000 years ago led to a model of rational, democratic and inclusive discussions to find how people should interact and live. This is in the same spirit as rationalism in the West, but far superior to the major religions which uses superstition, authoritarianism, and exclusiveness to dictate the meaning of human life. The Chinese tradition is not proud of Qingshihuang the Emperor who conquered by force, but actually characterizes him as a dictator who abused people, whereas mainstream Western civilization is not shy about its pride in the brutal conquering of many countries by Alexander the Great. It is very difficult to find depiction of wars and killing in traditional Chinese art, whereas paintings of wars and bloody consequences are prominently displayed in the Lourve and other Western museums. Such contrasts represent fundamental differences: worship of force, or belief in peace?
China has thus proven to the world the concept of peaceful development.
The United States of America, as the strongest Western nation, has not given up its belief in force, often resorting to the gunpowder in international affairs, even when it does not solve the problem or hurt the ultimate the interests of the US. When the world looks at China, it should see through the superficial and find how China made a historical miracle through peaceful means, when it faced both outside invasion and internal disturbances. In the century and half of intense interaction with the world, at almost every opportunity when China gains peace, China managed to develop. The Chinese lesson can be helpful to other countries: strong countries do not have to rely on controlling other countries by force and can develop by collaborating with others; weak countries do not have to be paranoid about modernization or globalization, they should solve their own problems first; all countries and peoples, do not have to use force to resolve conflicts, but can develop together, under the old Chinese idea of Peace and Union under the Sky.
China has pointed out to the world that peace is actually also the road to development.
Class of 2008, you are the messengers of China. You will show the good and the bad of China. We do not have to hide our problems and deficiencies. As each of you will learn to improve yourself, China will continue to learn from other countries and peoples. China is still not respected in many aspects by the rest of the world. China has not made sufficient contributions. China has crisis that requires solutions. You, alumni of Peking University, should take the example set by our former president Ma Yingchu to be a Chinese intellectual with spine, fight for conscience and justice, try to significantly improve the politics, economy, science, and culture of China, work for the renaissance of China, find constructive solutions to problems in China and the rest of the world.
Class of 2008, please take the message of China to the rest of the world: we are believers of peaceful development.
I hope that you and Chinese youth of the new era will treasure our hard-earned belief in peaceful development, that along this path of peaceful development, you will find the value of your life, find the historical mission: to explore and move on a peaceful development road appropriate to China; to always avoid the pitfall of hegemony; to search for strategies that can be agreed by other countries so that people of the entire world, sharing the same origin and biosphere, will march on the beautiful and productive road of peaceful development.
On this road, embrace the world, have principles, and enjoy your life. Your happiness will be the pride of your alma mater.
